It is impossible to envisage all potential IoT applications having in mind the
development of technology and the diverse needs of potential users. In the following
sections, we present several applications, which are important. These
applications are described, and the research challenges are identified.
The IoT applications are addressing the societal needs and the advancements to enabling technologies such as nanoelectronics and cyber-physical systems continue to be challenged by a variety of technical (i.e., scientific and engineering), institutional, and economical issues. The list is limited to the applications chosen by the IERC as priorities for the next years and it provides the research challenges for these applications. While the applications themselves might be different, the research challenges are often the same or similar.
Rapid expansion of city borders, driven by increase in population and infrastructure development, would force city borders to expand outward and engulf the surrounding daughter cities to form mega cities, each with a population of more than 10 million. By 2023, there will be 30 mega cities globally, with 55 percent in developing economies of India, China, Russia and Latin America. This will lead to the evolution of smart cities with eight smart features, including Smart Economy, Smart Buildings, Smart Mobility, Smart Energy, Smart Information Communication and Technology, Smart Planning, Smart Citizen and Smart Governance. There will be about 40 smart cities globally by 2025.
The role of the cities governments will be crucial for IoT deployment. Running of the day-to-day city operations and creation of city development strategies will drive the use of the IoT. Therefore, cities and their services represent an almost ideal platform for IoT research, taking into account city requirements and transferring them to solutions enabled by IoT technology.
In Europe, the largest smart city initiatives completely focused on IoT is undertaken by the FP7 Smart Santander project. This project aims at deploying an IoT infrastructure comprising thousands of IoT devices spread across several cities (Santander, Guildford, Luebeck and Belgrade). This will enable simultaneous development and evaluation of services and execution of various research experiments, thus facilitating the creation of a smart city environment.
Similarly, the OUTSMART project, one of the FI PPP projects, is focusing on utilities and environment in the cities and addressing the role of IoT in waste and water management, public lighting and transport systems as well as environment monitoring. A vision of the smart city as “horizontal domain” is proposed by the BUTLER project, in which many vertical scenarios are integrated and concur to enable the concept of smart life.
The depicts several commons actions that may take place in the smart day, highlighting in each occasion which domain applies. Obviously such a horizontal scenario implies the use of heterogeneous underlying communication technologies and imposes the user to interact with various seamless and pervasive IoT services.
In this context there are numerous important research challenges for smart city IoT applications:
The IoT applications are addressing the societal needs and the advancements to enabling technologies such as nanoelectronics and cyber-physical systems continue to be challenged by a variety of technical (i.e., scientific and engineering), institutional, and economical issues. The list is limited to the applications chosen by the IERC as priorities for the next years and it provides the research challenges for these applications. While the applications themselves might be different, the research challenges are often the same or similar.
Smart Cities
By 2020 we will see the development of Mega city corridors and networked, integrated and branded cities. With more than 60 percent of the world population expected to live in urban cities by 2025, urbanization as a trend will have diverging impacts and influences on future personal lives and mobility.Rapid expansion of city borders, driven by increase in population and infrastructure development, would force city borders to expand outward and engulf the surrounding daughter cities to form mega cities, each with a population of more than 10 million. By 2023, there will be 30 mega cities globally, with 55 percent in developing economies of India, China, Russia and Latin America. This will lead to the evolution of smart cities with eight smart features, including Smart Economy, Smart Buildings, Smart Mobility, Smart Energy, Smart Information Communication and Technology, Smart Planning, Smart Citizen and Smart Governance. There will be about 40 smart cities globally by 2025.
The role of the cities governments will be crucial for IoT deployment. Running of the day-to-day city operations and creation of city development strategies will drive the use of the IoT. Therefore, cities and their services represent an almost ideal platform for IoT research, taking into account city requirements and transferring them to solutions enabled by IoT technology.
In Europe, the largest smart city initiatives completely focused on IoT is undertaken by the FP7 Smart Santander project. This project aims at deploying an IoT infrastructure comprising thousands of IoT devices spread across several cities (Santander, Guildford, Luebeck and Belgrade). This will enable simultaneous development and evaluation of services and execution of various research experiments, thus facilitating the creation of a smart city environment.
Similarly, the OUTSMART project, one of the FI PPP projects, is focusing on utilities and environment in the cities and addressing the role of IoT in waste and water management, public lighting and transport systems as well as environment monitoring. A vision of the smart city as “horizontal domain” is proposed by the BUTLER project, in which many vertical scenarios are integrated and concur to enable the concept of smart life.
The depicts several commons actions that may take place in the smart day, highlighting in each occasion which domain applies. Obviously such a horizontal scenario implies the use of heterogeneous underlying communication technologies and imposes the user to interact with various seamless and pervasive IoT services.
In this context there are numerous important research challenges for smart city IoT applications:
- Overcoming traditional silo based organization of the cities, with each utility responsible for their own closed world. Although not technological, this is one of the main barriers
- Creating algorithms and schemes to describe information created by sensors in different applications to enable useful exchange of information between different city services
- Mechanisms for cost efficient deployment and even more important maintenance of such installations, including energy scavenging
- Ensuring reliable readings from a plethora of sensors and efficient calibration of a large number of sensors deployed everywhere from lamp-posts to waste bins
- Low energy protocols and algorithms
- Algorithms for analysis and processing of data acquired in the city and making “sense” out of it.
- IoT large scale deployment and integration
Smart Energy and the Smart Grid
There is increasing public awareness about the changing paradigm of our policy in energy supply, consumption and infrastructure. For several reasons our future energy supply should no longer be based on fossil resources. Neither is nuclear energy a future proof option. In consequence future energy supply needs to be based largely on various renewable resources. Increasingly focus must be directed to our energy consumption behaviour. Because of its volatile nature such supply demands an intelligent and flexible electrical grid which is able to react to power fluctuations by controlling electrical energy sources (generation, storage) and sinks (load, storage) and by suitable reconfiguration.
Such functions will be based on networked intelligent devices (appliances,micro-generation equipment, infrastructure, consumer products) and grid infrastructure elements, largely based on IoT concepts. Although this ideally requires insight into the instantaneous energy consumption of individual loads (e.g. devices, appliances or industrial equipment) information about
energy usage on a per-customer level is a suitable first approach.
Future energy grids are characterized by a high number of distributed small and medium sized energy sources and power plants which may be combined virtually ad hoc to virtual power plants; moreover in the case of energy outages or disasters certain areas may be isolated from the grid and supplied from within by internal energy sources such as photovoltaics on the roofs, block heat and power plants or energy storages of a residential area (“islanding”).
A grand challenge for enabling technologies such as cyber-physical systems is the design and deployment of an energy system infrastructure that is able to provide blackout free electricity generation and distribution, is flexible enough to allow heterogeneous energy supply to or withdrawal from the grid, and is impervious to accidental or intentional manipulations. Integration of cyber-physical systems engineering and technology to the existing electric grid and other utility systems is a challenge.
The increased system complexity poses technical challenges that must be considered as the system is operated in ways that were not intended when the infrastructure was originally built.As technologies and systems are incorporated, security remains a paramount concern to lower system vulnerability and protect stakeholder data. These challenges will need to be address as well by the IoT applications that integrate heterogeneous cyber-physical systems.
The developing Smart Grid, which is represented is expected to implement a new concept of transmission network which is able to efficiently route the energy which is produced from both concentrated and distributed plants to the final user with high security and quality of supply
standards. Therefore the Smart Grid is expected to be the implementation of a kind of “Internet” in which the energy packet is managed similarly to the data packet—across routers and gateways which autonomously can decide the best
pathway for the packet to reach its destination with the best integrity levels. In this respect the “Internet of Energy” concept is defined as a network infrastructure based on standard and interoperable communication transceivers, gateways and protocols that will allow a real time balance between the local and the global generation and storage capability with the energy demand. This will
also allow a high level of consumer awareness and involvement. The Internet of Energy (IoE) provides an innovative concept for power distribution, energy storage, grid monitoring and communication as presented. It will allowunits of energy to be transferred when and where it is needed. Power consumption monitoring will be performed on all levels, from local individual
devices up to national and international level Saving energy based on an improved user awareness of momentary energy consumption is another pillar of future energy management concepts. Smart
meters can give information about the instantaneous energy consumption to
the user, thus allowing for identification and elimination of energy wasting devices and for providing hints for optimizing individual energy consumption.
In a smart grid scenario energy consumption will be manipulated by a volatile energy price which again is based on the momentary demand (acquired by smart meters) and the available amount of energy and renewable energy production. In a virtual energy marketplace software agents may negotiate energy prices and place energy orders to energy companies. It is already recognised
that these decisions need to consider environmental information such as weather forecasts, local and seasonal conditions.
These must be to a much finer time scale and spatial resolution.In the long run electro mobility will become another important element of smart power grids. Electric vehicles (EVs) might act as a power load as well as moveable energy storage linked as IoT elements to the energy information grid (smart grid). IoT enabled smart grid control may need to consider energy demand and offerings in the residential areas and along the major roads based on traffic forecast. EVs will be able to act as sink or source of energy based on
their charge status, usage schedule and energy price which again may depend on abundance of (renewable) energy in the grid. This is the touch point from where the following telematics IoT scenarios will merge with smart grid IoT.
This scenario is based on the existence of an IoT network of a vast multitude of intelligent sensors and actuators which are able to communicate safely and reliably. Latencies are critical when talking about electrical control loops. Even though not being a critical feature, low energy dissipation should be mandatory.
In order to facilitate interaction between different vendors’ products the technology should be based on a standardized communication protocol stack.When dealing with a critical part of the public infrastructure, data security is of the highest importance. In order to satisfy the extremely high requirements on reliability of energy grids, the components as well as their interaction must
feature the highest reliability performance.New organizational and learning strategies for sensor networks will be needed in order to cope with the shortcomings of classical hierarchical control
concepts. The intelligence of smart systems does not necessarily need to be built into the devices at the systems’ edges. Depending on connectivity,cloud-based IoT concepts might be advantageous when considering energy dissipation and hardware effort.
Sophisticated and flexible data filtering, data mining and processing procedures and systems will become necessary in order to handle the high amount of raw data provided by billions of data sources. System and data models need to support the design of flexible systems which guarantee a reliable and secure real-time operation.
Some research challenges:
also allow a high level of consumer awareness and involvement. The Internet of Energy (IoE) provides an innovative concept for power distribution, energy storage, grid monitoring and communication as presented. It will allowunits of energy to be transferred when and where it is needed. Power consumption monitoring will be performed on all levels, from local individual
devices up to national and international level Saving energy based on an improved user awareness of momentary energy consumption is another pillar of future energy management concepts. Smart
meters can give information about the instantaneous energy consumption to
In a smart grid scenario energy consumption will be manipulated by a volatile energy price which again is based on the momentary demand (acquired by smart meters) and the available amount of energy and renewable energy production. In a virtual energy marketplace software agents may negotiate energy prices and place energy orders to energy companies. It is already recognised
that these decisions need to consider environmental information such as weather forecasts, local and seasonal conditions.
These must be to a much finer time scale and spatial resolution.In the long run electro mobility will become another important element of smart power grids. Electric vehicles (EVs) might act as a power load as well as moveable energy storage linked as IoT elements to the energy information grid (smart grid). IoT enabled smart grid control may need to consider energy demand and offerings in the residential areas and along the major roads based on traffic forecast. EVs will be able to act as sink or source of energy based on
This scenario is based on the existence of an IoT network of a vast multitude of intelligent sensors and actuators which are able to communicate safely and reliably. Latencies are critical when talking about electrical control loops. Even though not being a critical feature, low energy dissipation should be mandatory.
In order to facilitate interaction between different vendors’ products the technology should be based on a standardized communication protocol stack.When dealing with a critical part of the public infrastructure, data security is of the highest importance. In order to satisfy the extremely high requirements on reliability of energy grids, the components as well as their interaction must
feature the highest reliability performance.New organizational and learning strategies for sensor networks will be needed in order to cope with the shortcomings of classical hierarchical control
concepts. The intelligence of smart systems does not necessarily need to be built into the devices at the systems’ edges. Depending on connectivity,cloud-based IoT concepts might be advantageous when considering energy dissipation and hardware effort.
Sophisticated and flexible data filtering, data mining and processing procedures and systems will become necessary in order to handle the high amount of raw data provided by billions of data sources. System and data models need to support the design of flexible systems which guarantee a reliable and secure real-time operation.
Some research challenges:
- Absolutely safe and secure communication with elements at the network edge
- Addressing scalability and standards interoperability
- Energy saving robust and reliable smart sensors/actuators
- Technologies for data anonymity addressing privacy concerns
- Dealing with critical latencies, e.g. in control loops
- System partitioning (local/cloud based intelligence)
- Mass data processing, filtering and mining; avoid flooding of communication network
- Real-time Models and design methods describing reliable interworking of heterogeneous systems (e.g. technical/economical/social/environmental systems). Identifying and monitoring critical system elements. Detecting critical overall system states in due time
- System concepts which support self-healing and containment of damage; strategies for failure contingency management
- Scalability of security functions
- Power grids have to be able to react correctly and quickly to fluctuations in the supply of electricity from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar facilities.
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